Articles
عبور از واقعیت به مجاز و رضا نسرین صفحه
1و
2و
3
Wisdom in Art: Mathematics in Islamic
Architecture in Iran, by: Hourieh Mashayekh
This article is accepted in Bridge Mathematical Connections
in Art, Music and Science conference, which will be held in The Banff
Center, Banff, Albeta,Canada. July 31-agust 3, 2005


The Circle for Iranian
Architectural Studies
Le cercle pour les
etudes 2007-2008
Architecturales Iraniennes بنیاد نسرین
Award
CIAS Offers
two $500 awards every year:
1) One in
Heritage Architectural (articles, presentation of new idea, conceptual
plan, and so on)
2) One for CIAS volunteer team.
A jury will review all
submittals and select the finalists (first award)
Second award will be
offered to Nasrin Volunteer team
The winners also will be presented at the next event, at the foundation’s
web site, at the newsletters and publication. The foundation plans to
publish the list of winners, their resume and history of awards every two
years.
All submissions must follow the specified format and guidelines as
appeared on the web site.
The award deadline is the first of February
Winners will be invited to present their work in the next event.
Award Committee
906-257
Lisgar St., Ottawa, ON,
K2P
0C7
(613)
233-4605
Email:
hourimashayekh@yahoo.ca
www.nasrinfoundation.org
The following quotes regarding the value of cultural heritage are
paraphrases of some of the writings of the architect - Mhamad Reza Nasrin,
published under the name of: The Cultural Environment, 1998.
The damage of the Ozone Layer has been recognized as a major worldwide
problem, however it must also be accepted that the loss of cultural
heritage is a problem that affects every human being as well.
A society without memories is flawed. Its perfection is achieved through
the protection of its heritage
A society will keep alive, and will continue to prosper if it is able to
keep its memories alive.
Elements of our heritage may no longer be functional, but they exist as
reminders of human history and its worthiness.
It is my belief that:
A city with a healthy sense of its past is a proud and safe city
City funding for heritage has a multiplier effect enabling organizations
to raise even more funds from other levels of government and private
sector sources.
Possible funding resource:
1) The levying of a hotel and entertainment tax.
2) An increase in the business property tax.
Hourieh Mashayekh
M.Architect and Town Planner
Council of Heritage Organization in Ottawa,
member of board, 2005
Our wonderful guest speaker
Theatre Workshop
address
June 23, 2007
Dear members of the
Nasrin Foundation and The Circle for Iranian Architectural Studies, Ladies
and Gentlemen, good afternoon;
My name is Yvan Cazabon, and I’m an associate
director of the Carleton University School of Architecture as well as a
faculty member there.
Thank you for your
invitation to speak at this “Theatre Workshop” and beginning of your
“Architecture and Theatre” workshop & conference series. It is an honour.
When we discuss
theatre, we inevitably speak of its future, its survival. Each generation
in the past 100 years has contemplated the crisis and possible demise of
the art-form that is theatre and yet, we witness its endurance in
festivals such as this one and the numerous professional and amateur
theatre seasons that we are lucky to have in Ottawa. Somehow theatre
endures… it survives the shifting trends of contemporary society by virtue
of its ability to embrace change and at times to critically re-invent
itself. In this way, it is a true art form, capable of contemporary
expression while keeping its relationship to history and tradition.
Contemporary theatre,
in the hands of its creative writers and directors (Robert Lepage, Robert
Wilson, etc.) and new emerging troupes is experiencing a most significant
change on the international scene. We are witnessing a merging of
narrative art-forms including music, dance, theatre, spatial design
(architecture) whereby boundaries once set by tradition are being
questioned, challenged, referenced and re-invented. This (sometimes
controversial) phenomenon, I find very interesting and promising… because
in it I see the potential of a contemporary expression of our diverse
society with an important referencing to our near and distance past, our
long standing traditions, our history. French philosopher, Paul Ricoeur
once observed, almost 50 years ago now, that a society’s survival depends
on its ability to continuously re-invent itself while staying true to its
past… this he argued was the mandate of a society’s artists.
To mount a theatrical
narrative, as the famous saying goes is to set the conditions of
“suspended disbelief”… to create the conditions by which we are
transported convincingly into the narrative, the story-line of an
abstracted setting. By abstraction, I refer etymologically to the use of
“abstract” as a verb…. To abstract from, is to bring out or bring forward
the essential qualities and truths of a particular narrative in order to
show its purity… unfortunately, we often use the word abstraction to mean
the opposite… an abstract art form is obscure or difficult to access.
Theatre is arguably, the epitome of abstraction in narrative art. It can
transport us into another time and space, by narrative structure and by
historical referent, while telling a story in present and contemporary
time. Architecture?
In a recent Citizen
article (I’m sorry I don’t remember the author) I read that the present
challenge of theatre was not so much to “suspend disbelief” but rather to
“suspend cynicism”… I tend to agree. As we all know, our children are
increasingly bombarded with the stuff of contemporary culture. The
importance of a given message is weighed not by its true value but by its
repetition, its media and celebrity appeal, its shelf-life. Our children
are born into a society of speed, excess and special effects. Faced with
innumerable choices, they are increasingly skeptical and at the extreme,
cynical. To be convincingly transported into a narrative requires a Wow
factor… and a “not too slow, not too long please” factor!
And yet, as we
remember our children as infants, we will also recall their love of
stories. Their curiosities satisfied by a picture book or a parent’s
story. Our children, like us, need to communicate and tell stories, need
to fill their imaginations with images of other places and events, true or
fictitious. We are born into narrative… we create it and we retell it… and
in the world of theatre, we suspend the world around us to partake in it.
Encourage your
children to love theatre, teach them to love stories by discovering the
magic that is created by artists and writers. Support theatre in your
local schools and communities… this will assure the continued survival of
theatre whatever form it may eventually take.
I wish you luck and
success in your architecture and theatre activities…. And in the words of
theatre players, “Break a leg!”.
Thank you,
Yvan Cazabon,
M.Arch, MRAIC
Associate Director –
Undergrad
Carleton University
School of Architecture
*********************



---------------------------------------------------
Hourieh Mashayekh
Waters of life and
Irem, s Paradise-
What meaning do our
dreams and pomp convey
Save that beside a
mighty stream, wide-fed,
We sit and sing of
wine and go our way! (Hafez 14th. Century translated by
Gertrude Bell)
Abstract
“The Khwaju
Bridge is an important and still functional monument, at once a bridge, a
dam and restful spot to view the city of Esfahan, centeral of Iran and the
river [Zayandeh Rud] in a leisurely way. It is built at the deepest point
of the river, where the water reaches a depth of 1.75m, so it can
accumulate the greatest volume of water.
This dam-bridge is a master piece
of architecture, structural and hydraulic engineering of Iran. Its
mathematical, aesthetic and acoustic aspect are of great importance
“The Khwaju Bridge is an important and
still functional monument, at once a bridge, a dam and restful spot to
view the city of Esfahan, central of Iran and the river [Zayandeh Rud] in
a leisurely way. It is built at the deepest point of the river, where the
water reaches a depth of 1.75m, so it can accumulate the greatest volume
of water.
It is believed that the bridge was
built on the site of an older one from the fifteenth century. The present
bridge was built in 1650.” (1)
Khwaju Bridge is built from sand, brick and
sarouj (Local concrete) that is laid against the river side. It is a
traditional place for stopping and resting.

Khwaju Bridge, Esfahan, Iran
Photographer Khosrow Bozorgi 1999
“Interior view of the upper arches"
This dam-bridge is a master piece of architecture,
structural and hydraulic engineering of Iran. Its mathematical,
aesthetic and acoustic aspect are of great importance. First it seems that
the reason of building this bridge is only connecting the two side of
Zayandeh Rud and the bridge deleted the roared water obstacle but the
architecture transfers passing to a thing that is beyond time and place
Refrences:
(1)
M. Mousavi, Bridges
and Dames, 2001. Splendor of Iran
volume two page: 51
(2)
Archnet:
And a free translation of Obour,
the article written by Mohamad Reza Nasrin and Hourieh Mashayekh 1997,
Architecture and Urbsnism. Iran
Tehran
-----------------
Negareh Ayat Tehran-Iran
2007
"نماد، رمز، و راز"
مفاهیم نمادین دایره، مربع، و مثلث
هر چیز، هر پدیده، و هر تصویری در طبیعت می تواند برای انسان تبدیل به نماد
شود. از مادی ترین و ملموس ترین چون سنگ و چوب و برگ و حیوانات گرفته تا دور
از دسترس ترین مثل ماه و خورشید و چهار عنصر مثالی. هر آنچه که اثر انسان بر
زمین است؛ معماری، نقاشی، و به طور کلی آنچه که آنرا فرهنگ و تمدن می نامیم
چیزی نیست جز طبیعت ناب که توسط انسان وام گرفته شده و دوباره بازنمایی شده
است. اینجا انسان درست به سان تبدیل کننده ( کاتالیزور) عمل میکند.
برای انسان اندیشمند( صاحب فکر) همه چیز از کلمه آغاز میشود. پیدایش مفهوم
مجرد و اختصاص دادن واژه ای مشخص برای نامیدن یک مفهوم,
در عرفان یهودی، کابالا همه چیز و همهء جهان ها از کلمه خلق
شد. (...وخدا کلمه بود...) خلق کلمه، خلق جهان است (word
& world).
نماد شکلی قراردادی است که هزاران کلمه و جمله و تفسیر را در خود خلاصه می
کند. میتوان گفت که نماد مرحله ای از تکثر معانی از یک شکل واحد است که نقطهء
مقابل آن رمز (code)
می باشد. نماد میتواند به رمز تبدیل شود
یک
معنای واحد مورد نظر.
نماد میتواند تفسیر شود اما رمز تفسیر پذیر نیست. رمز فقط و فقط به یک معنای
سری و مخفی (حفاظت شده) ، مفهومی که نباید همگانی شود دلالت دارد. با مقایسهء
تفسیرها و نمادهای گوناگون میتوان رمز را شکست . رمز به هیچ وجه در کلمه ،
معنا، و تشریح تقسیم پذیر نیست و دانشی است برای گذر. رمز، کلیدی است برای
گذر از یک مرحله به مرحله ای دیگر مثل یک پل، مثل یک در. رمز یک معنای
ذاتی است که نماد به کمک آن آمده و برای کشف رمز به صورت ابزاری عمل میکند.
درست مثل جمله بالا:" مثل یک پل، مثل یک در".
اما راز(secret)؛
صرفاً آن چیزی است که نباید رمز آن گشوده شود. هویت راز به مخفی ماندن و
خوانده نشدن آن است. مرحله ای که از نماد دور است. مرحله ای بسیار تجریدی که
به کلمه در نمی آید. راز همان سکوت است. نقطه اول در مثلث جادویی
فیثاغورثیان؛ تتراکتیس. بیان کردن و به زبان آوردن، به مثابهء آشکار شدن و به
عالم ماده آوردن مفهوم، خواسته، و اندیشه است.
نمادها:
برای بازنگری نمادها از ساده ترین آنها، یعنی اشکال بنیادین: دایره، مربع، و
مثلث شروع میکنیم. ابتدا میتوانیم خیلی ساده و به طریقهء رمز شکنی
(decode)
هر یک را معادل یک عنصر بیابیم. دایره= آب، مربع= خاک، مثلث= آتش. بنابراین،
همهء مفاهیمی که به این سه عنصر منسوب میشود، به این سه شکل بنیادی نیز قابل
تعمیم است. مثلاً دایره، منبع زندگی و حیات، چرخ هستی است همچون آب که عنصر
مرتبط آن و منشاء زندگی است.
دایره:
کاندینسکی مینویسد: " نقطه، زندگی است. تصویرِ اصلیِ بیان است. دایره ای است
که به غایت کوچک شده است: خُرد ترین شکل زمان است".
دایره شکلی است که دلالت بر بی زمانی دارد چرا که نه آغازی دارد و نه پایانی
(زمان). بنابراین میتوانیم مفهوم دایره به خصوص در معماری گونه ای دیگر
بنگریم. این مفهوم به مرور، معنای حرکت، چرخ، راه، گردونه،(چرخ
زمان، گردونه زمان، گردونه مهر یا خور-شید، که خود به عنوان ابزار سنجش و
اندازه گیری زمان در ساعت های خورشیدی به کار گرفته میشد) و زمانِ سپری
شونده، به خود گرفته است. دایره نماد عهد و پیمان نیز هست، در ایران تبدیل به
حلقهء ایزد مهر و یا حلقهء فره ایزدی در نماد فروهر شده و هم اکنون نیز در
همهء فرهنگ ها کم و بیش نماد تعهد، مرحلهء گذر، و نشان مهر است. کلاً فضای
درون دایره فضایی مقدس، جادویی و محافظت شده است.
مربع:
همانطور که دایره نماد روح است، مربع نیز نماد جسم میباشد چرا که این شکل
چهار گوش از اجتماع چهار عنصر پدید آورندهء ماده حکایت میکند عالم بالا
میبوده به شکل دایره ای ساخته میشده است. پیدایش گنبد مرحلهء جالب توجه ای در
معماری می باشد. یکی از قدیمیترین نوع. گنبد، حد فاصل و رابطِ گذر جسم به
عالم روحانی است. شالودهء معماری ایرانی بر حیاط های چهارگوش و حوض های دایره
ای یا پنج وهشت ضلعی در مرکز حیاط میباشد. یکی از کهن ترین الگوهای شهرسازی
نیز بنابر طرح دایره ای و بر حول نقطهء مرکزی دایره، و گسترشِ به سوی بیرون
بوده است.
مربع نماد این تسلسل و فرود و ادامهء زندگی و حکمرانی الهی در عالم ماده است
. مربع فضای قابل تسخیر بوسیلهء انسان است (مکان).
مثلث:
بازهم به معماری ایران باز میگردیم؛ آتش، نماد خِرد نخستین و ازلی جلوه ای از
دانایی بیکران و عالم ماورای انسان است (مثلث نماد آتش) که در آتشکده یا دارِ
مهر، یعنی همان بناهای مکعبی در شکل ابتدایی خود تکریم و تقدیس میشود.
در کیمیاگری، تثلیث مقدس؛ سه گانهء جسم/خاک، روح/ آب، جان/هوا، می باشد که
باید پس از مرحلهء پالایش، دوباره به دایره باز گردد. مثلث تنها شکلی است که
جهت پذیر است و جهت رو به بالا یا رو به پایین آن در معنایش تاثیر می گذارد.

|
 |
 |
ArchNet Image ID |
IMG14090 |
|
Photograph Date |
n/a |
|
Medium |
Drawing |
|
Photographer |
Courtesy of Aga Khan Visual Archive, MIT
|
|
Copyright |
Aga Khan Visual Archive, MIT |
|
Source |
Aga Khan Visual Archive, MIT |
|
Caption |
Floor plan of mosque |
|
Source ID |
117484 |
|
 |
 |
ArchNet Image ID |
IMG08620 |
|
Photograph Date |
1933-34 |
|
Medium |
B & W print |
|
Photographer |
Robert Byron |
|
Copyright |
Conway Library, Courtauld Institute of Art
|
|
Source |
Fine Arts Library,
Harvard College Library |
|
Caption |
Interior detail of dome and zone of transition
with glazed tile revetment |
|
Source ID |
Byron Neg. # A47/317 |
|
 |
 |
ArchNet Image ID |
IIR0044 |
|
Photograph Date |
2000 |
|
Medium |
35 mm slide |
|
Photographer |
Talinn Grigor |
|
Copyright |
Aga Khan Visual Archive, MIT |
|
Source |
Aga Khan Visual Archive, MIT |
|
Caption |
Detail view of the dome interior |
|
Source ID |
Box 194 |
|
 |
 |
ArchNet Image ID |
IAA2652 |
|
Photograph Date |
1996 |
|
Medium |
35 mm slide |
|
Photographer |
Justin Fitzhugh |
|
Copyright |
Aga Khan Award for Architecture |
|
Source |
Aga Khan Trust for Culture |
|
Caption |
The main entrance to the mosque from the
Maydan-i Shah |
برای این اشکال میتوان بسیار تفسیر و معنا جمع آوری کرد. اما گذشته از اشکال
بنیادین، اشکال ترکیبی نیز رفته رفته به شکل گرفتن زبان و خط تصویری کمک
کردند.
This article is nominated for CIAS award
2008
|
Bam, the City that was
Bam is located in
south east of Iran (with a distance of 200 km. to the south of
Kerman) with a population of 90.000 (before the earthquake) it was
not an ordinary city, it had a famous heritage of human
civilization, Arg of Bam (or Bam, s citadel ) with 20 hectars area
and more than 2000 years history, it was the largest building of
sun dried brick in the world. The wall of the Citadel had 1800 m.
length, 15-18 m. height with 38 watching towers.
It had two main
parts, one was for the governor and the latter was for the
ordinary people. the whole Citadel is located on the hill with 50
m. height the people used to live there till 150
years ago.
The first part
contained the castle (governors residential) part the arsenal,
the stable and the second part contained the houses (528 ones)
bazaar, takieh(religious place) school, zoorkhaneh (sport club)
carvansara, Public bath (there were some private bathes in the
house). The castle was separated with a high wall and watching
towers from the peoples residential area.
Bam county with
120000 population provided 10% of oranges in Iran and 10% of the
exported dates of Iran comes from Bam. there are 1,000,000palm
trees( 20,000 T dates, 10000 T Oranges yearly production).
Bam was
important during the history because of its geographical
situation, located on the east-west main road of Iran.
After this
introduction I would like to explain briefly the problem of
earthquake in Iran and specially in Bam.
The Iranian
plateau is one of the most seismically active region in the world
and destructive earthquake with heavy human and financial losses
occur here now and then. But it is not only such region in the
world.
On 26th.
December 2003 we had a hazardous disaster in Bam. An earthquake
with 6.5 R. strength , which more than 40000 human losses
thousands injured, 20000 houses and public building were
destroyed.
At the same
time there was an earthquake in California, with the same strength
(6.5 R.) but only two women were killed as an old clock
tower was destroyed. So it is natural to ask why?
Every one decade we
have a big earthquake in Iran with thousands death and so many
destruction. It could be a very good experience to learn to avoid
such a disaster to be repeated, but no one paid enough attention
to what has occurred. So in Bam 80% of Arg and the city were
destroyed.
The question
is what is the main problem in Iran and who is responsible
It is obvious
that the main problem is: lack of enough regulation concerning the
design of earthquake- resistant building, also (and more
important) lack of responsible management to execute this
regulation. But who is responsible and shares in this
responsibility?
1-The designers who do
not use this regulation to design the earthquake resistant
building.
2- The structural
engineers who do not use them in their calculations for structural
designs.
3- The contractors and
executers who give reduction in their proposal costs, so they are
obliged to reduce their costs by providing low quality buildings.
4- The supervising
engineers who close their eyes on all of the mistakes, and confirm
the low quality and un resistant buildings , with no protection
against natural disasters.
5- The owner,
specially the sponsors of the public buildings( schools, hospitals
etc.) who do not employ the qualifies engineers and contractors
because of their financial benefits or other reasons.
6- The professional
societies who have no control over the works of their members.
7- The municipalities
who have not enough control over the buildings( private and
public) of the cities.
8- And above all, the
government who does not mind the mistakes and ignorance of its
organization in term of buildings safety in urban and rural area
whereas having a safe home and safe public buildings is the first
right of every human being.
the news of
Bam earthquake were spread world wide and a lot of helps all over
the world were well done, specially through Iranian who lived
abroad, or at home. But unfortunately because of the expanded size
of the disaster and specially because of the mismanagement, lack
of coordination between various organizations
specially the public ones, also between different N.G.OS, the
result was not satisfactory for the disaster people of Bam.
One of the
main problems was the wide immigration from the region of other
areas.
Conclusion
1-
The
situation of Bam (the people and the town) is worse than what we
have or read.
2-
The
interviews with the people and the local authorities indicate
that, everybody agrees to settle in his/her former place and
house, either as a temporary accommodation or as a permanent
house. It is interesting to know that the people of Bam due to the
palm gardens, used to live in their garden in summer times. So to
settle them in the garden in this coming summer and autumn while
the town is rebuilding, is quite appropriate.
3-
3- One
of the main problem of the town is the debris ( how to take them
away or how to store them). So we can propose to recycle them( as
Japans used to do 0 and using them in rebuilding the city at least
in the mid or long term, to avoid the environmental disasters.
4-
The
people and local authorities, confirm the rebuilding of the city
(specially the houses) by the people, which can be done faster and
cheaper. But the designs, plans, materials, and so on can be
provided and control by the government or N.G.O s
5-
Rebuilding the city by people, in addition, provides more
employment and is very helpful for the people to forget their
sorrow and being busy with their own work.
6-
To do
studies and planning the city rebuilding, we do not need only
planners and architects, but other social experts to avoid the bad
experience of the past( in Buin Zahra and Roodbar).
7-
We
should consider the result of the former earthquakes and the
issues of the related rebuilding of the mentioned places.
Fortunately the head of the rebuilding organization has experience
of the former rebuilding. So he can avoid the past mistakes.
8-
One of
the main problems in the city, at the moment is the existence of a
kind of wandering among the people and the local authorities as
well. This is in extent natural for the people, because of the
mental shock they have had, but it relates more or less to the
result of the un cleared program of the government. SO to provide
a clear program, even for the short time would be necessary and
useful.
Dr. Giti Etemad
May 2004 |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Uni
corporation
2008-2010
Award
Offers two $500 awards
every year:
1) One in
environmental Studies (articles, presentation of new idea, conceptual
plan, and so on)
2) One for Nasrin
volunteer team.
A jury will review all
submittals and select the finalists (first award)
Second award will be
offered to Nasrin Volunteer team
The winners also will be presented at the next event, at the
foundation’s web site, at the newsletters and publication. The
foundation plans to publish the list of winners, their resume and
history of awards every two years.
All submissions must follow the specified format and guidelines as
appeared on the web site.
The award deadline is the first of February
Winners will be invited to present their work in the next event.
Nasrin unicorporation
Award Committee
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